Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Coastal (Ref. 356), found in the beach, shoreline, nearshore and islands (Ref. 116102). Nests in marshes; changes nesting site yearly. Piscivorous (Ref. 87786). Displays dipping behavior (Ref. 356). Embryonic deaths, subcutaneous and pericardial edema, growth disruption, liver damage, and unsuccessful breeding and development linked to exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the Great Lakes (Ref. 87784). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.19 | 0.93 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |