| Main Ref. | Kennedy, M.K., L. Van Guelpen, G. Pohle and L. Bajona (eds.), 2010 |
| Mode | |
| Fertilization | |
| Spawning Frequency | |
| Batch Spawner | No |
| Reproductive Guild | |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Sexes are separate; fertilization is external for most species. Asexual reproduction also occurs by fragmentation (Ref. 87872). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |