| Main Ref. | Dumbauld, B.R., D.A. Armstrong and K.L. Feldman, 1996 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | |
| Spawning Frequency | |
| Batch Spawner | No |
| Reproductive Guild |
bearers External brooders |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |