| Main Ref. | Robertson, R., 2003 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Spawning Frequency | one clear seasonal peak per year |
| Batch Spawner | No |
| Reproductive Guild |
nonguarders Open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Broadcast spawners. Spawning occurs during lunar period. Females lay eggs in ribbons or jelly masses in the substratum, after the males have released their sperm (Ref. 105346). Males don't have penis (Ref. 105349). Life cycle: Embryos develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults (Ref. 833). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |