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相關魚種
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Pelecanus - 魚種在
Pelecanidae - - Classification / Names -
- Pelecanidae
- Pelecaniformes
- Aves
- Chordata
- Animalia
- 魚種在
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Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766
Brown pelican
Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS
Aves | Pelecaniformes | Pelecanidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學
.
分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介
Northeast Pacific and Western Central Atlantic.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 114 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8812); 最大體重: 3.2 kg (Ref. 356)
簡短描述 型態特徵
Culmen: 28.9 cm; tarsus: 8.0 cm; wing: 5.13.5 cm.
Wingspan: 203 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies coastal areas (Ref. 356). Only pelican species to plunge dive for fish. Forms feeding flocks (Florida). Feeds on anchovies in southern California. New colony may form from roost (birds loafing in areas other than their nesting colony). Facultative kleptoparasitism, or food theft, by shallow-diving Band-tailed Gulls (Larus belcheri), and Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) that preferentially steal fish from adults; in turn, pelicans attack deeper-diving Peruvian Boobies (Sula variegata). Neck molts to brown prior to its move into its nesting colony where courtship and pair formation occurs. Exhibits communal pre-pairing; head-turning behavior during mate selection and courtship where male and female display ritually by turning their head and bill (its weapon) away from each other; pair forms at location where male advertises. May mate within hours of pairing, possibly with same mate from a previous season; first egg laid after 3-10 days. Surface-nesting species; tree-nesting. Atricial; typically lays 3 eggs that hatch asynchronously; where first hatchling is larger than siblings and will generally have monopoly over feeding; chicks thermoregulate by huddling; all 3 hatched young are raised by parent only on years when food is abundant. Chicks feed on regurgitated fish from its parents' gullets. Mortality rate of immature birds is 70% in the first 15 months. In Florida, after the breeding season, migrates both north and south from their breeding site, while those nesting farther north move to the south. Severe ENSO (El Niño) events affecting the Humboldt current caused regular collapse of huge populations (20 times in the last 100 years) due to great drop in food availability; 1982-1982 ENSO event in Peru and Ecuador caused a huge drop in population numbers (presumed to have died). Significant egg-shell thinning due to DDT pesticide exposure in the 1960s documented in southern California with notable population declines; and breeding populations disappeared widely from the southeastern US. Oil pollution cause reduction in hatchability, growth retardation, developmental defects and increased sublethal effects in chicks. Intense fishing pressures in feeding areas cause population declines due to breeding failure (Ref. 87784).
Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Stiles, F.G. 1984. (Ref. 5856)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 August 2018
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
CMS (Ref. 116361)
Not Evaluated
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人類使用
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更多資訊
網路資源
BHL | BOLD Systems | CISTI | DiscoverLife | FAO(Publication : search) | Fishipedia | GenBank (基因組, 核甘) | GloBI | Gomexsi | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | PubMed | 樹狀分類階層 | Wikipedia (去, 搜尋) | 動物學的記錄
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref. 115969): 19.5 - 28.1, mean 27 (based on 1074 cells).
回復力
(Ref. 69278):
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=26.34-29.07).
價格種類
(Ref. 80766):
Unknown.