Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
; Mức độ sâu 5 - 200 m (Ref. 85369), usually 10 - 70 m (Ref. 4). Subtropical; 12°C - 16°C (Ref. 114562), preferred 11°C (Ref. 107945); 61°N - 27°N, 32°W - 36°E (Ref. 114562)
Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from Norway to Morocco. Subtropical to temperate.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 10.0, range 7 - 8 cm Max length : 50.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm BASL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 441); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 15 các năm (Ref. 85318)
Traditionally caught by traps, pots and sometimes by hand (e.g., diving and spearing; Refs. 441, 85369), but these gears were eventually replaced with trammel nets (Ref. 85369). Minimum depth from Ref. 4. Occurs at depths between shore to 200 m, on rocky bottoms and coralligenous substrates where there are lots of protective holes and micro-caves. Adults may be solitary, in pairs or in small groups. Highly omnivorous and preys on hard-shelled bottom dwelling organisms, i.e., mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans. They are generalists and opportunistic feeders depending on the abundance of benthic organisms (Ref. 85369). Ovigerous females are observed from September to October and February to March (Ref. 4).
Breeds once a year between June and October. Larger females mate and lay eggs earlier during breeding season while smaller females spawn towards the end (Ref. 85364).
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại
FAO - Các nghề cá: landings | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta
Các công cụ
Các nguồn internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 19.6, mean 11.9 (based on 808 cells).
Thích nghi nhanh
Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.13-0.21; tm=4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.22, 95% CL = 0.14 - 0.33, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
Vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
