International Introductions of Spondylus spinosus
Introductions as compiled by FAO
Main Ref. Bartley, D.M. (comp./ed.), 2006
To Israel
FAO area
From Red Sea
FAO area
Year 1988
Range
Period 1975-present
Established in the Wild yes
Established in Aquaculture
Significant Ecological Interactions unknown - adverse
Significant Socio-economic Effects
Introduced by unknown
Reason unknown
Other Reason
Comments Well-established. Off the northern coast of Israel, dense populations of up to 15 specimens per m². Along the Turkish coasts, also stable-reproducing populations. 1988 off Israel (Mienis et al., 1993a); successively from Iskenderun and Turkey.
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