Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
.
Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic. Subtropical to temperate.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 68.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 8812); 最大体重: 1.0 kg (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 5.56 cm; tarsus: 7.197 cm; wing: 41.2 cm.
Total Length: 61 to 68 cm; Wingspan: 132 to 142 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies the continental shelf; <80 km (Ref. 356). Scavengers; exhibits kleptoparasitism (Ref. 356). Opportunistic feeders that eat a wide variety of food. Based on stable isotope analysis (SIA) diet study of egg albumin, belongs to lower N signature group (based on ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon) indicating a more planktivorous diet. Switch in diet from garbage to fish when chicks hatch for its higher nutritional content to assure higher fledging success. Early breeding and early egg-laying assures higher fledging success for this species. On the Farallon Islands, California, high nest failures recorded during ENSO (El Niño) events; severe events in 1982-1983 causing adult mortality. (Ref. 87784).
主要参考文献
参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Schreiber, R.W. 1970. (Ref. 80153)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人类利用
| FishSource |
工具
网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 5.4 - 18.5, mean 8.3 (based on 112 cells).
回复力
高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=16.74-39.08).
脆弱性
Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
价格分类
Unknown.