Ecology Summary - Gavia immer

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Ecology of Gavia immer

Main Ref.	MarineSpecies.org, 2050
Remarks	Found on beach and shoreline. Estuarine (Ref. 116102). Typically inhabits inshore waters but may range up to 100 km offshore across continental shelf. Breeds in freshwater lakes and winter on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts (Ref. 108922).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Gavia immer may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Scheuhammer, A.M., C.M. Atchison, A.H. Wong and D.C. Evers, 1998
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Scheuhammer, A.M., C.M. Atchison, A.H. Wong and D.C. Evers, 1998

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	4.50	0.80			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.