Main Ref. | Carpenter, K.E., F. Krupp, D.A. Jones and U. Zajonz, 1997 |
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Remarks | Usually occurs in clear shallow reef waters (Ref. 2357), and may travel about ten miles up tidal rivers (Ref. 88062). Also prefers estuarine conditions in Australia (Ref. 2357). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 801), with 4 to 9 young ones in a brood (Ref. 88062). Feeds on fish (Refs. 801, 88062). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile;: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Greer, A.E., 2006 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Carpenter, K.E., F. Krupp, D.A. Jones and U. Zajonz, 1997 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Voris, H.K., H.H. Voris and L.B. Liât, 1978 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Voris, H.K., H.H. Voris and L.B. Liât, 1978 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |