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| Main Ref. | Shirley, S.M., T.C. Shirley and S.D. Rice, 1987 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Epibenthic in estuaries and nearshore environments (Ref. 104211). It is found on soft bottoms in very low intertidal areas to a depth of 360 meters (Ref. 865). Found on seagrasses (Refs. 104216, 106869). Juveniles inhabit and forage on estuaries, particularly in oyster reefs, oyster beds (Ref. 104211, 113901), and eelgrass (Ref. 104211). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Shirley, S.M., T.C. Shirley and S.D. Rice, 1987 |
| Special habitats | Beds: bivalve; sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Wicksten, M.K., 2011 |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Gotshall, D.W., 2005 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Gotshall, D.W., 2005 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.45 | 0.47 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Stevens, B.G., D.A. Armstrong and R. Cusimano, 1982 | ||||