Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Nocturnal (Ref. 87784). Exhibits pursuit plunging and surface diving (Ref. 356). Gregarious at sea. Does not typically trail ships (Ref. 91362). Mean maximum diving depth on foraging trips, 39 m, and greatest depth recorded at 67 m. During the northern summer, migrates from the Antipodes into the North Pacific. In New Zealand, displaced their foraging competitors, the Antarctic Terns (Sterna vittata) from crustacean swarms by agitating the tern flock and covering the foraging surface in dense rafts. Does not breed in the North Pacific despite multitudes spending austral winter there after their long transequatorial migration from breeding areas in Australia and New Zealand (Ref. 87784). Colonial breeder (Ref. 91362) at sub-antarctic islands (Refs. 356, 91362). Winters in the sub-topical Pacific (Ref. 356). Burrow- and crevice-nesting; early in nesting cycle, wander in and out of burrows; burrows without breeding owners having as much as 10 different individuals within a single season. Population declines linked to fish-net mortality (Ref. 87784). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Form dense rafts as a tactic against their foraging competitor, the Antarctic Terns, on crustacean swarms in New Zealand waters (Ref. 87784). Colonial breeder (Ref. 91362). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.11 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |