Main Ref. | Williams, A.B., L.G. Abele, D.L. Felder, H.H. Hobbs Jr., R.B. Manning, P.A. McLaughlin and I. Pérez Farfante, 1988 |
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Remarks |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Pérez Farfante, I. and B. Kensley, 1997 |
Special habitats | Other habitats: seamounts; |
Special habitats Ref. | Vereshchaka, A.L., 1990 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hopkins, T.L., M.E. Flock, J.V. Gartner and J.J. Torres, 1994 |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.18 | 0.36 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.30 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hopkins, T.L., M.E. Flock, J.V. Gartner and J.J. Torres, 1994 |