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Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | Benthic (Ref. 105085). Epibenthic (Ref. 116259). Most common in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 801). Commonly found over sand and seagrass beds (Ref. 102838). Active predator and exhibits cannibalism (Ref. 105085). Feeds on crustaceans, small fish (Refs. 801, 9773) and cephalopods (Ref. 105085). Able to change color rapidly (Ref. 102838). Coastal demersal. Forms groups during spawning at depths of at most 20m (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | George, D., 2005 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | George, D., 2005 |
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sundaram, S., 2014 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | crustaceans, small demersal fishes | ||||
From individual food items | 3.99 | 0.61 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |