Main Ref. | Soule, J.D., 1963 |
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Remarks | Epibenthic, encrusting (Ref. 116066). In cool temperate to tropical waters (Ref. 874). Grows on varied surfaces: other bryozoans, algae, seagrasses, oyster valves, sandstone boulders, dock, pilings, breakwaters and man-made debris (Ref. 83404). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: sessile; Hard Bottom: rubble; |
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Substrate Ref. | DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; rock; sea grass; Coral Reefs: reef flats; Other habitats: vegetation ( roots/holdfast, ); pilings; boat hulls; |
Special habitats Ref. | Wells, F.E., J.I. McDonald and J.M. Huisman, 2009 |
Ref. | Soule, J.D., 1963 |
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Parasitism |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
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Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
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Ref. |