Ref. principal | Enticott, J. and D. Tipling, 1997 |
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Notas | Found nearshore to <100 km offshore (Ref. 356). Breeds aseasonally and colonially on cliffs, flat beaches, bare ground, and in bushes and trees on tropical and subtropical islands (Ref. 84934, 87784). Double-brooded (Ref. 84934). Highly pelagic and gregarious. Typically in large feeding flocks far out at sea over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362). Foraging behavior includes dipping and snatching food from the sea surface (Refs. 356, 84934, 87784) rarely plunge-diving or settling on water (Ref. 84934, 87784, 91362). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Harrison, P., 1987 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Colonial breeder. |
Parasitism |
Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Enticott, J. and D. Tipling, 1997 |
Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Enticott, J. and D. Tipling, 1997 |
Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Da composição da dieta | |||||
Dos itens alimentares individuais | 4.50 | 1.05 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |