Main Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Remarks | Distributed from the tropics to the ice edges in both hemispheres. They can be seen offshore, and more often in coastal and inshore areas. They are rarely seen in some tropical pelagic areas (Ref. 1394). They are known to be 'gulpers,' feeding in separate events, often lunging at large schools of fish (Ref. 122680). Also feeds on krill (Ref. 1394). Oceanodromous (Ref. 75906). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Pierce, G.J., M.B. Santos, R.J. Reid, I.A.P. Patterson and H.M. Ross, 2004 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.20 | 0.73 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 4.23 | 0.97 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Tamura, T., K. Konishi, T. Isoda, R. Okamoto and T. Bando, 2009 |