Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Coastal. Exhibits surface diving and dabbling behavior (Ref. 356). Inhabits the littoral zone. Winters in estuaries. Breeds inland in boreal forests. Undergoes molting migration. Molting birds are found in coastal saltwaters, estuaries, rich shallow freshwater lakes (in the Yukon), in brackish waters of fjords and rich shallow coastal lakes surrounded by open water (in Denmark), rocky foreshores (in Ungava Bay). Population threats include oil spills and toxic chemical contamination, logging, fish introductions in breeding lakes, and hunting (Ref. 95145). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.10 | 0.48 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |