Main Ref. | Gaydos, J.K. and S.F. Pearson, 2011 |
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Remarks | Found along shorelines. Strong, monogamous breeding pair bond, persisting annually. Completes migratory transoceanic flight across wide areas of Atlantic from northern North America to South America. North from South America, migrates across the Gulf of Mexico generally in spring when wind conditions are favorable; central Yucatan and northern Venezuela as major jumping off points. Commercial harvesting at the Bay of Fundy, Canada, of its baitworm prey a conservation concern, as 50-90% of the global population of this species stop to feed along its long transoceanic migration to wintering grounds in South America (Ref. 87784). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Shepherd, P.C.F. and J.S. Boates, 1999 |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.10 | 0.30 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. |