Main Ref. | Tröndlé, J. and R. von Cosel, 2005 |
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Remarks | Found in shallow waters, particularly on sand and rock flats (Refs. 799, 128042). Subtidal (Ref. 100947). Also found on reef areas of lagoons (Ref. 97298). A vermivore (Ref. 96679). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Springsteen, F.J. and F.M. Leobrera, 1986 |
Special habitats | Beds: rock; Coral Reefs: lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Kohn, A.J. and G.H. Orians, 1962 |
Ref. | Smith, B.D., 2003 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Kohn, A.J. and G.H. Orians, 1962 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Duda, T.F. Jr. and S.R. Palumbi, 2004 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.06 | 0.26 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |