Main Ref. | Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem, 1998 |
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Remarks | Feeds on various crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks and fish (Refs. 101967. 104050). Predators include seabirds and fish (Refs. 4420, 32651). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem, 1998 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sitts, R.M. and A.W. Knight, 1979 |
Feeding habit | browsing on substrate |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sitts, R.M. and A.W. Knight, 1979 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.33 | 0.47 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.52 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Wahle, R.A., 1985 |