Main Ref. | Kramp, P.L., 1961 |
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Remarks |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Purcell, J.E. and M.N. Arai, 2001 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Zaprora silenus |
Association remarks | Also with Merlangius merlangus and Trachurus trachurus. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.35 | 0.36 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |