Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Circumpolar (Ref. 91362). Found over open-water (Ref. 356). Follows ships. A gregarious species; noisy and quarrelsome when feeding on ship galley waste (Ref. 91362). Exhibits surface-seizing, foot paddling and pattering (Ref. 356). Breeds colonially (Ref. 91362). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Harrison, P., 1987 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Breeds colonially. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Ridoux, V., 1994 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.69 | 0.28 | Troph of adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.72 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Cherel, Y., C.-A. Bost, C. Guinet and H. Weimerskirch, 2005 |