Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | This is a neritic species found on sandy bottoms and along the water column (Ref. 83938). On coastal surface, epipelagic (Ref. 110525). Spends winter at depths of 100 to 200 m (Ref. 843). Overwinter along the continental shelf in offshore canyons as far south as Cape Hatteras (Ref. 106883). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.41 | 0.41 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |