Main Ref. | Cairns, S.D., D.R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C.B. Castro, D.G. Fautin, P.R. Pugh, C.E. Mills, W.C. Jaap, M.N. Arai, S.H.D. Haddock and D.M. Opresko, 2003 |
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Remarks | Found in areas exposed to currents and waves, on a variety of substrates such as platform piles (Ref. 96377). Sessile (Ref. 3123). Mostly in shallow waters above 35 meters but also reported from 845m on the mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores (Ref. 64386). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: sessile; |
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Substrate Ref. | Schröder, A., C. Orejas and T. Joschko, 2006 |
Special habitats | Other habitats: pilings; |
Special habitats Ref. | Schröder, A., C. Orejas and T. Joschko, 2006 |
Ref. | Schuchert, P., 2001 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | |||||
Ref. |