Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | Occurs from sand and mud, to broken rock and rocky reefs (Ref. 96968). Females predominate at depths of 30 to 80 m, males at depths below 100 m (Ref. 275). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Piatkowski, U., 2006 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Ref. | Piatkowski, U., 2006 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.73 | 0.58 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.72 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Regueira, M., A. Guerra, C.M. Fernández-Jardón and A.F. González, 2017 |