Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | Widely distributed on the continental shelf (Ref. 106855). Prefers soft bottoms (Ref. 1976) over Posidonia beds (Ref. 77087). Also found on muddy bottoms. Active and opportunistic predator (Ref. 105095). Mainly consumes crustaceans, fish and cephalopods. Exhibits cannibalism occasionally and at larger sizes (Ref. 105096). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Akyol, O. and H. Şen, 2007 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; |
Special habitats Ref. | Akyol, O. and H. Şen, 2007 |
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sen, H., 2007 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sen, H., 2007 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.90 | 0.63 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |