Main Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Remarks | Found in shallow nearshore waters. Feeds on or near the bottom in shallow waters (often in kelp beds); benthic invertebrates (i.e. abalones, sea urchins, rock crabs, other shellfishes, cephalopods, and sluggish near-bottom fishes). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.75 | 0.49 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 3.78 | 0.32 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gaichas, S.K., 2006 |