Ecology Summary - Fratercula arctica

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นิเวศวิทยาของ Fratercula arctica

อ้างอิงหลัก	SAUP Database, 2006
ข้อสังเกต	Occupy the continental shelf; <100 km; exhibits plunge-diving feeding behavior (Ref. 356). In the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland and northern England, this species is known to feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus and breeding birds spend approx. 80% of daylight period at sea, commonly in dense rafts. They form nesting colonies with breeding pairs sharing incubation and chick-rearing duties; surface-feeding by scooping prey from the water, they carry prey in their bills and feed their chicks with regurgitated food (Ref. 95711).

อ้างอิงหลัก

SAUP Database, 2006

ข้อสังเกต

Occupy the continental shelf; <100 km; exhibits plunge-diving feeding behavior (Ref. 356). In the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland and northern England, this species is known to feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus and breeding birds spend approx. 80% of daylight period at sea, commonly in dense rafts. They form nesting colonies with breeding pairs sharing incubation and chick-rearing duties; surface-feeding by scooping prey from the water, they carry prey in their bills and feed their chicks with regurgitated food (Ref. 95711).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	ปากแม่น้ำ/บึงน้ำกร่อย/ทะเลน้ำกร่อย mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds ถ้ำ exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Fratercula arctica may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

อ้างอิง	Daunt, F., S. Wanless, P.R. Simon, H.J. Greenstreet, K.R. Hamer and M.P. Harris, 2008
Associations	colony-forming/symphorism;
Associated with
Association remarks	Form nesting colonies; and dense rafts as a feeding strategy out at sea (Ref. 95711).
Parasitism

การให้อาหาร

วิธีการให้อาหาร	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Daunt, F., S. Wanless, P.R. Simon, H.J. Greenstreet, K.R. Hamer and M.P. Harris, 2008
นิสัยในการกินอาหาร	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Daunt, F., S. Wanless, P.R. Simon, H.J. Greenstreet, K.R. Hamer and M.P. Harris, 2008

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม		ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง		ข้อสังเกต
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	ข้อสังเกต
จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร
จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด	4.29	0.95			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
อ้างอิง

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