Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Plunge diver; continental shelf; <100 km (Ref. 356). As in all seabirds, copulation takes place ashore and the presence sperm-storage glands allow delayed fertilization of ovum out at sea. Vulnerable to oil spill as a piscivore; saw 50% decline in population from 1989 in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Ref. 87784). Nests on rock crevices and cliffs (Ref. 62200). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Opmerking | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.21 | 0.78 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |