Main Ref. | Chatwin, T.A., 2010 |
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Remarks | Nests on the surface of barren rocky islet or beach (Ref. 94991). Rocky-shore specialist concentrated along Pacific coast of northwestern North America (Ref. 87784). Feed mainly on intertidal marine invertebrates, primarily bivalves (clams and mussels) and other mollusks (limpets, whelks, and chitons); and secondarily, crabs, sea urchins, isopods, and barnacles. Contrary to its common name, oysters are rarely part of its diet (Ref. 95118). Uses rocky shores for nesting and rarely breed elsewhere. Nests prone to destruction by tides, particularly during storms; >10% of nests possibly lost to storm surges (Ref. 87784). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Chatwin, T.A., 2010 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Andres, B.A., 1998 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Andres, B.A., 1998 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.06 | 0.07 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |