Main Ref. | Jennings, S., J. Lancaster, A. Woolmer and J. Cotter, 1999 |
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Remarks | It is found on rocks and soft bottoms in subtidal areas to a depth of 2,400 meters (Ref. 865). A carnivore; trophic level 3.1 (Ref. 96418). Feeds on at least 12 species of sponges and a common food item is Isodictya spp. (Ref. 96505). Occasionally relies on filter-feeding, specifically during summer and autmn. Opportunistic generalist predator (Ref. 130743). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Gotshall, D.W., 2005 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Jennings, S., J. Lancaster, A. Woolmer and J. Cotter, 1999 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schaal, G., P. Riera and C. Leroux, 2010 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Schaal, G., P. Riera and C. Leroux, 2010 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.23 | 0.12 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |