Main Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 |
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Remarks | Neritic, oceanic (Ref. 91956). Inhabits muddy, sandy and detritic bottoms covered with Funiculina spp. (Ref. 2453) in middle and lower sub-littoral and upper bathyal zones in temperate latitudes. In general, juveniles and adults share the same depth range throughout the year; many large individuals can be found in deeper waters (Ref. 64257). Performs diel vertical movements (Ref. 275) as well as seasonal migrations (Ref. 64257). Opportunistic predator (Ref. 2450, 64257), feeding on the most abundant prey available, even consuming tunicates (Ref. 64257). Mainly feeds on fish, crustaceans and cephalopods (Refs. 2450, 64257). Comes very close to the seabed but was observed to mainly feed on prey swimming off the bottom (Ref. 64257). Exhibits cannibalism (Ref. 2482). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Pelagic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; mud; ooze ( detritus ); |
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Substrate Ref. | Mangold-Wirtz, K., 1963 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Rosas-Luis, R., R. Villanueva and P. Sánchez, 2014 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Rosas-Luis, R., R. Villanueva and P. Sánchez, 2014 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.94 | 0.65 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 4.34 | 0.87 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Rosas-Luis, R., R. Villanueva and P. Sánchez, 2014 |