Ecology of Larus philadelphia
| Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Estuarine. Found on bay and nearshore (Ref. 116102). Surface seizing; dipping; coastal (Ref. 356). A surface nester, usually builds nest in trees. One of the few species that nest and forage in inland habitats, and move to the coast during non-breeding season. Colonial; distance between pairs may be >100m but nest sites still clumped with many other suitable nesting areas unutilized. Vulnerable to oil spill as a piscivore; saw 50% decline in population from 1989 in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Ref. 87784). |
Aquatic zones / Water bodies
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Habitat
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
Associations
| Ref. | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
|---|---|
| Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Colonial; distance between pairs may be >100m but nest sites still clumped (Ref. 87784) |
| Parasitism |
feeding
| Feeding type | |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | |
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
Trophic Level(s)
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.94 | 0.64 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||