Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | Reported from the epipelagic zone to deepwater demersal habitats through ontogenetic migration. Females spawn at depths greater than 700m in New Zealand and Falkland Island waters. Reportedly exhibits cannibalism in Falkland Island waters (Ref. 128994). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Jackson, G.D., J.F. McKinnon, C. Lalas, R. Ardern and N.G. Buxton, 1998 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.49 | 0.76 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 4.27 | 0.83 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Chérel, Y. and G. Duhamel, 2003 |