Main Ref. | Robinson, L.A., S.P.R. Greenstreet, H. Reiss, R. Callaway, J. Ccraeymeersch, I. de Boois, S. Degraer, S. Ehrich, H.M. Fraser, A. Goffin, I. Kröncke, L. Lindal Jorgenson, M.R. Robertson and J. Lancaster, 2010 |
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Remarks | Common in shallow waters from the intertidal to 80 m (Ref. 83653), common at depths not deeper than 40 m (Ref. 435). Found mostly in rocky shores, confined to the lower tidal mark (Refs. 101396). Inhabits on sand or mud (Ref. 435). Carnivore; trophic level 2.6 (Ref. 96418), trophic level 2.98 (Ref. 435). An opportunistic feeder, mostly preys on molluscs and crustaceans and also feeds on detrital material and large quantities of brown algae (Ref. 96482). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Norman, C.P. and M.B. Jones, 1992 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; |
Special habitats Ref. | Schaal, G., P. Riera and C. Leroux, 2010 |
Ref. | Fischer, W., G. Bianchi and W.B. Scott (eds.), 1981 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Schaal, G., P. Riera and C. Leroux, 2010 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Norman, C.P. and M.B. Jones, 1992 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.50 | 0.47 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
From individual food items | 2.72 | 0.03 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Freire, J. and E. Gonzalez-Gurriaran, 1995 |