Main Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
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Remarks | Cosmopolitan circumglobal distribution, throughout tropical and subtropical/warm temperate oceans. Paralarvae and juveniles live near and at the surface, often in association with Sargassum weed. Preyed upon by squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, and by yellowfin and bigeye tunas, and undoubtedly by many other epipelagic fishes and pelagic birds (Ref. 97142). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Sargassum. |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Passarella, K.C. and T.L. Hopkins, 1991 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Passarella, K.C. and T.L. Hopkins, 1991 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.64 | 0.27 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |