Main Ref. | Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer, 1999 |
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Remarks | Tolerates a broad range of salinity - from 5 to 45 PSU (Ref. 115278). From hypersaline lagoons, Zostera, Posidonia and Cymodocea spp. sea grass meadows to partly brackish estuaries (Ref. 122771). Coastal species (Ref. 113561). Intertidal in rocky and muddy bottoms (Ref. 122838). Found in shallow waters, with rocks covered by various types of macroalgae or sandy beds of Zostera marina (Ref. 804). Littoral, populates brown algae belts (Ref. 115278). Omnivorous (Ref. 96308). Feeds on macroalgae, detritus and invertebrates (Ref. 95829). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Katajisto, T., J. Kotta, M. Lehtiniemi, S.A. Malavin and V.E. Panov, 2013 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Katajisto, T., J. Kotta, M. Lehtiniemi, S.A. Malavin and V.E. Panov, 2013 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Katajisto, T., J. Kotta, M. Lehtiniemi, S.A. Malavin and V.E. Panov, 2013 |
Feeding habit | browsing on substrate |
Feeding habit Ref. | Janas, U. and A. Barańska, 2008 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 2.39 | 0.21 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |