Main Ref. | Li, X. and J.Y. Liu, 2004 |
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Remarks | Epizoic, subtidal (Ref. 106854). Associated with an assemblage of sea stars (Refs. 81533, 101104, 102254, 102275). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | Hosie, A.M., A. Sampey, P.J. Davie and D.S. Jones, 2015 |
Special habitats | Beds: others; Other habitats: other invertebrates (Refer to associations.); |
Special habitats Ref. | Bruce, A.J., 1982 |
Ref. | Li, X. and J.Y. Liu, 2004 |
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Associations | symbiosis; commensalism; |
Associated with | Associated with asteroids (Ref. 81533); Culcita novaeguineae (Refs. 101104, 129602); Acanthaster planci (Also Ref. 129713); Choriaster granulatus; Halityle regularis; Pentaceraster regulus; Protoreaster nodosus; Linckia laevigata; Nardoa frianti; Echinaster luzonicus; Eureaster insignis (Ref. 102254); Pentaceraster horridus; Pentaceraster mammillatus; Pentaceraster tuberculatus; Pentaceraster hawaiiensis; Protoreaster lincki; Linckia multiflora; Acanthaster brevispina; Mithrodia clavigera; Mithrodia bradleyi; Echinaster purpureus (Ref. 102275); Culcitta spp. (Ref. 129713). |
Association remarks | C. novaeguineae may provide nourishment and protection from predators, although their relationship is not an individual-specific symbiosis (Ref. 101104). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | |||||
Ref. |