Ecology Summary - Phalacrocorax penicillatus

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Ecology of Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Main Ref.	SAUP Database, 2006
Remarks	A coastal species found <50 km offshore which exhibits pursuit diving (Ref. 356).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Phalacrocorax penicillatus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	4.51	0.79			Troph of adults.
From individual food items	4.49	1.06			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Webb, L., 2013

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