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Ecology of Procelsterna cerulea
 
Main Ref. SAUP Database, 2006
Remarks Coastal or nearshore (Refs. 356, 122680); occasionally offshore (Ref. 356). Feeds around upwelling currents (Ref. 356). Exhibits pattering and dipping behavior (Ref. 356); sometimes paddles on water (Ref. 91362). Feeds nearshore, capturing the smallest prey of any Hawaiian seabird, mainly larval lizardfishes, flounders, goatfishes and flyingfish, as well as squid, crustaceans and insects (Ref. 122680). Solitary breeder or forms small loose breeding colonies. Sedentary (Ref. 91362).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Procelsterna cerulea may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref. Harrison, P., 1987
Associations solitary; colony-forming/symphorism;
Associated with
Association remarks Breeds singly or in loose colonies.
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Karpouzi, V.S., 2005
Feeding habit hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref. SAUP Database, 2006

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method original sample unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition
From individual food items 4.04 0.70 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.
Ref. [ e.g. 3742]
Glossary [ e.g. cnidaria]
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