Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Found offshore, in 15 to 25°C waters (Ref. 356). Forms breeding colonies on oceanic islands. Does not typically trail ships (Ref. 91362). A less specialized kleptoparasite with varied feeding behavior, including surface-seizing. Mimics skuas to successfully kleptoparasitize other seabirds; typically attacks from a lateral plane to frighten its target with sudden aerobatic acceleration achieved by continuous wing flapping. (Ref. 89445). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Harrison, P., 1987 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Breeds colonially. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Spear, L. and D.G. Ainley, 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Spear, L. and D.G. Ainley, 1993 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.26 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |