Main Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
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Remarks | Pelagic (Ref. 122680). Colonial breeder. Does not typically trail ships (Ref. 91362). Exhibits pursuit-plunging (Ref.356). Often forages in large, mixed species flocks associated with schools of large predatory fishes which drive prey species to the surface. Feeds from the surface by seizing prey while sitting on the water or by shallow pursuit plunges; also feeds by dipping or picking prey from the water while on the wing. Diet almost equally split between fish and squid (Ommastrephidae) (Ref. 122680). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Harrison, P., 1987 |
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Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Colonial breeder. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | SAUP Database, 2006 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.37 | 0.58 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |