Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | Inhabits muddy bottoms; a sublittoral, demersal, or upper bathyal species found in depths between 76 and 496 m. Found in the brackish waters of the Sea of Marmara (salinity between 18 and 25 ppt). Species in the eastern and western Mediterranean (Aegean Sea) likely have an extended spawning period since mature animals are found throughout the year. May ascend to the surface during the spawning period and has been collected at the surface at night using artificial light. Caught throughout its range and consumed locally (Ref. 1695). Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fish (Ref. 107001). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Vafidis, D., A. Kallianiotis, N. Chartosia and A. Koukouras, 2009 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Vafidis, D., A. Kallianiotis, N. Chartosia and A. Koukouras, 2009 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.70 | 0.48 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |