Main Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |
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Remarks | Occurs at depths between 4 and 100 m on rocky or sandy substrate. Feeds on mollusks, especially limpets (Patella sp.). Ovigerous females are observed from June to August. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | mollusks, especially limpets (Patella sp.) | ||||
From individual food items | 3.86 | 0.10 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Holthuis, L.B., 1991 |