Main Ref. | Williams, A.B., L.G. Abele, D.L. Felder, H.H. Hobbs Jr., R.B. Manning, P.A. McLaughlin and I. Pérez Farfante, 1988 |
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Remarks |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Felder, D.L., F. Alvarez, J.W. Goy and R. Lemaitre, 2009 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Mincks, S.L., S.M. Bollens, L.P. Madin, E. Horgan, M. Butler, P.M. Kremer and J.E. Craddock, 2000 |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.30 | 0.40 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |