Main Ref. | Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione and J.D. Willams, 1998 |
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Remarks | Observed at the surface at night but may undergo small diel vertical migrations. Females are reported to feed on pteropod molluscs and small fishes. Known to occur, on occasion, in plague proportions (Ref. 96968). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jereb, P., C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman and J.K. Finn, 2014 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | |||||
Ref. |