Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Demersal; depth range 68 - 431 m (Ref. 114857). Subtropical, preferred 24°C (Ref. 107945); 61°N - 28°S, 21°W - 47°E (Ref. 275)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Western Indian Ocean: 20°N to 60°N, west African coast south to the Canary Islands and the Red Sea except Baltic Sea. Subtropical to polar waters.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ?, range 16 - ? cm Max length : 93.7 cm ML male/unsexed; (Ref. 275); 41 cm ML (female)

Maximum size for males is 93.7 cm, mantle length (Ref. 104052). Caught with very small boats, using jigs in daytime at depths of 80 to 100 m (Ref. 2760).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Members of the class Cephalopoda are gonochoric. Male and female adults usually die shortly after spawning and brooding, respectively. Mating behavior: Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation. During copulation, male grasp the female and inserts the hectocotylus into the female's mantle cavity where fertilization usually occurs. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen. 1984. (Ref. 275)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 13 July 2015

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.3 - 16.2, mean 10.6 (based on 229 cells).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients : Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.5 [13.7, 17.4] %; Omega3 = 0.414 [0.262, 0.566] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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