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Indo-Pacific, Atlantic, Antarctic and the Arctic. Tropical to polar.
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm? range ? - ? cm Max length : 22.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (参考文献 94965)
Found on the beach (Ref. 87921), shoreline, bay and nearshore (Ref. 116102). In small groups at the water's edge during nonbreeding season, following the wave front whilst feeding on small invertebrates. Abundance of wintering populations attributed to major coastal upwellings, correlated to increase in food supply along beaches where they feed. Shorebirds from the North Atlantic typically fly >2000 km, mostly over water, from North America, Greenland, and Iceland, to Britain and continental Europe. Vulnerable to oil spill as a piscivore; saw 50% decline in population from 1989 in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Ref. 87784).
Brooke, M. de L., I. Hepburn and R.J. Travelyan 2004 Henderson Island world heritage site. Management Plan 2004-2009. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London. 47 p. (参考文献 87921)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书
(参考文献 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
