Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 4), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 4). , preferred 12°C (Ref. 107945); 69°N - 29°N, 28°W - 32°E (Ref. 4)
分布
國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介
Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Not in east of Crete and in the Baltic Sea.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 8.9, range 8 - 8.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); 最大體重: 6.0 kg (Ref. 4); 最大年齡: 72 年 (Ref. 81081)
Common total length: 23 to 50 cm.
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Coupling occurs a few days after the female molts (Ref. 80921).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 December 2009
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 實驗的
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪 | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 13.3, mean 10.4 (based on 494 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.79-1.0; Fec=13,000).
Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
瀕危性
Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
